| Variable | cases |
controls |
p-value 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, n (%) | 0.029 | ||
| 7-27 days | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.8%) | |
| 1-4 years | 29 (24%) | 33 (13%) | |
| 5-9 years | 54 (44%) | 121 (46%) | |
| 10-14 years | 40 (33%) | 108 (41%) | |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.4 | ||
| Male | 67 (54%) | 161 (61%) | |
| Female | 56 (46%) | 102 (39%) | |
| Unknown | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| 1
Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdominal distention, n (%) | 55 (96%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 66 | 260 | |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 53 (95%) | 4 (100%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 67 | 260 | |
| Wheeze, n (%) | 4 (80%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 118 | 264 | |
| Cough, n (%) | 3 (60%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 118 | 264 | |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 26 (46%) | 4 (100%) | 0.11 |
| Missing/Unknown | 67 | 260 | |
| Loss of appetite, n (%) | 21 (38%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 67 | 260 | |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 16 (30%) | 4 (100%) | 0.011 |
| Missing/Unknown | 69 | 260 | |
| ...with sputum, n (%) | 1 (33%) | 0 (NA%) | |
| Missing/Unknown | 120 | 264 | |
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%) | 55 (45%) | 4 (1.8%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 37 | |
| Fever, n (%) | 27 (22%) | 8 (3.3%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 0 | 19 | |
| Blood in stool, n (%) | 2 (3.6%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 68 | 260 | |
| Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%) | 3 (2.5%) | 5 (2.2%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 34 | |
| Any chest problem, n (%) | 5 (4.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 0.049 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 32 | |
| Excessive salivation, n (%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 69 | 260 | |
| Pale stool, n (%) | 1 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 68 | 260 | |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 35 | |
| Any muscle or bone problem, n (%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.3 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 34 | |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test |
|||
Antibiotics use
25%
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Any problem of gastrointestinal tract | 45 |
60.8%
|
45 / 74 |
| Abdominal distention | 45 |
97.8%
|
45 / 46 |
| Abdominal pain | 42 |
93.3%
|
42 / 45 |
| Vomiting | 23 |
51.1%
|
23 / 45 |
| Fever | 22 |
29.7%
|
22 / 74 |
| Loss of appetite | 19 |
42.2%
|
19 / 45 |
| Diarrhoea | 15 |
33.3%
|
15 / 45 |
| Any chest problem | 4 |
5.4%
|
4 / 74 |
| Wheeze | 3 |
75%
|
3 / 4 |
| Sweating or chills (day or night) | 2 |
2.7%
|
2 / 74 |
| Blood in stool | 2 |
4.4%
|
2 / 45 |
| Cough | 2 |
50%
|
2 / 4 |
| Breathlessness | 2 |
100%
|
2 / 2 |
| Pale stool | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Excessive salivation | 1 |
2.2%
|
1 / 45 |
| Any muscle or bone problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 74 |
| Any ear, nose or throat problem | 1 |
1.4%
|
1 / 74 |
| ...with sputum | 1 |
50%
|
1 / 2 |
| Pain in mouth | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Runny nose | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Swallowing problem | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Difficult swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Painful swallow | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Fatigue or malaise | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| Muscle pain or aching | 1 |
100%
|
1 / 1 |
| .. duration | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 45 |
| Any neurological problems | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 74 |
| Any eye problem | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 74 |
| ...with blood | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 24 |
| Altered level of consciousness | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 2 |
| Seizures | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Pain or redness in the eye | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Sore throat | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Muscle cramps | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 1 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic heart disease | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 182 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 183 |
| Chronic neurologic condition | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 184 |
| Tuberculosis (active) | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 183 |
| Congenital anomaly | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 178 |
| Chronic liver disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 182 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 182 |
| Diabetes | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 183 |
| Hematological Disorders | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 182 |
| HIV | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 182 |
| Cancer | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 183 |
| Other immunosuppressive condition | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 184 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| BCG | 16 |
8.6%
|
16 / 187 |
| Yellow fever | 13 |
7%
|
13 / 187 |
| IPV | 11 |
5.9%
|
11 / 187 |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | 7 |
3.7%
|
7 / 187 |
| Rotavirus | 7 |
3.7%
|
7 / 187 |
| Mumps and Rubella (MMR) | 6 |
3.2%
|
6 / 187 |
| Hepatitis A vaccine | 4 |
2.1%
|
4 / 187 |
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 66 (55%) | 2 (0.8%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 0 | |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%) | 11 (9.0%) | 1 (0.4%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 0 | |
| Other medications, n (%) | 6 (4.9%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 0 | |
| Cough Medicine, n (%) | 2 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.10 |
| Missing/Unknown | 1 | 2 | |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
Variable |
cases |
controls |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%) | 117 (99%) | 222 (93%) | 0.011 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 25 | |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%) | 75 (65%) | 50 (25%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 7 | 65 | |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 3 (30%) | 1 (33%) | >0.9 |
| Missing/Unknown | 113 | 261 | |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%) | 32 (27%) | 42 (20%) | 0.2 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 56 | |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 13 (11%) | 8 (3.7%) | 0.010 |
| Missing/Unknown | 2 | 48 | |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%) | 13 (11%) | 1 (0.5%) | <0.001 |
| Missing/Unknown | 7 | 51 | |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%) | 10 (8.5%) | 3 (1.4%) | 0.003 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 52 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%) | 7 (6.0%) | 4 (2.1%) | 0.11 |
| Missing/Unknown | 6 | 72 | |
| Any contact with stray animals, n (%) | 8 (6.7%) | 1 (0.5%) | 0.002 |
| Missing/Unknown | 3 | 51 | |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%) | 3 (2.6%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.7 |
| Missing/Unknown | 7 | 69 | |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.12 |
| Missing/Unknown | 5 | 49 | |
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown. |
|||
| 1 Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test |
|||
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotics | 42 |
22.5%
|
42 / 187 |
| Paracetamol/acetaminophen | 8 |
4.3%
|
8 / 187 |
| Other medications | 4 |
2.1%
|
4 / 187 |
| Cough Medicine | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 187 |
| Allergy medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 187 |
| Aspirin | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 187 |
| Ibuprofen | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 187 |
| Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine | 0 |
0%
|
0 / 187 |
| Variable | Prevalence | Percentage | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Access to a latrine or toilet | 96 |
51.3%
|
96 / 187 |
| Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand? | 57 |
30.5%
|
57 / 187 |
| Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals | 30 |
16%
|
30 / 187 |
| Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset | 15 |
8%
|
15 / 187 |
| Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness | 12 |
6.4%
|
12 / 187 |
| Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset | 10 |
5.3%
|
10 / 187 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time? | 6 |
3.2%
|
6 / 187 |
| Any contact with stray animals | 5 |
2.7%
|
5 / 187 |
| Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset? | 4 |
2.1%
|
4 / 187 |
| Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset | 3 |
30%
|
3 / 10 |
| Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset | 2 |
1.1%
|
2 / 187 |
| Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)? | 2 |
1.1%
|
2 / 187 |
| Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset | 2 |
1.1%
|
2 / 187 |
| Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset | 1 |
0.5%
|
1 / 187 |