🇳🇬 Outbreak Investigation of Acute Ascites

Variable	cases N = 123	controls N = 264	p-value ¹
Age, n (%)			0.029
7-27 days	0 (0%)	2 (0.8%)
1-4 years	29 (24%)	33 (13%)
5-9 years	54 (44%)	121 (46%)
10-14 years	40 (33%)	108 (41%)
Sex, n (%)			0.4
Male	67 (54%)	161 (61%)
Female	56 (46%)	102 (39%)
Unknown	0 (0%)	1 (0.4%)
¹ Fisher’s exact test

Variable	cases N = 123	controls N = 264	p-value ¹
Abdominal distention, n (%)	55 (96%)	4 (100%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	66	260
Abdominal pain, n (%)	53 (95%)	4 (100%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	67	260
Wheeze, n (%)	4 (80%)	0 (NA%)
Missing/Unknown	118	264
Cough, n (%)	3 (60%)	0 (NA%)
Missing/Unknown	118	264
Vomiting, n (%)	26 (46%)	4 (100%)	0.11
Missing/Unknown	67	260
Loss of appetite, n (%)	21 (38%)	0 (0%)	0.3
Missing/Unknown	67	260
Diarrhoea, n (%)	16 (30%)	4 (100%)	0.011
Missing/Unknown	69	260
...with sputum, n (%)	1 (33%)	0 (NA%)
Missing/Unknown	120	264
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract, n (%)	55 (45%)	4 (1.8%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	0	37
Fever, n (%)	27 (22%)	8 (3.3%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	0	19
Blood in stool, n (%)	2 (3.6%)	0 (0%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	68	260
Sweating or chills (day or night), n (%)	3 (2.5%)	5 (2.2%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	3	34
Any chest problem, n (%)	5 (4.1%)	2 (0.9%)	0.049
Missing/Unknown	2	32
Excessive salivation, n (%)	1 (1.9%)	0 (0%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	69	260
Pale stool, n (%)	1 (1.8%)	0 (0%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	68	260
Any ear, nose or throat problem, n (%)	1 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	0.3
Missing/Unknown	3	35
Any muscle or bone problem, n (%)	1 (0.8%)	0 (0%)	0.3
Missing/Unknown	3	34
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Fisher’s exact test; Pearson’s Chi-squared test

Antibiotics use

25%

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Any problem of gastrointestinal tract	45	60.8%	45 / 74
Abdominal distention	45	97.8%	45 / 46
Abdominal pain	42	93.3%	42 / 45
Vomiting	23	51.1%	23 / 45
Fever	22	29.7%	22 / 74
Loss of appetite	19	42.2%	19 / 45
Diarrhoea	15	33.3%	15 / 45
Any chest problem	4	5.4%	4 / 74
Wheeze	3	75%	3 / 4
Sweating or chills (day or night)	2	2.7%	2 / 74
Blood in stool	2	4.4%	2 / 45
Cough	2	50%	2 / 4
Breathlessness	2	100%	2 / 2
Pale stool	1	2.2%	1 / 45
Excessive salivation	1	2.2%	1 / 45
Any muscle or bone problem	1	1.4%	1 / 74
Any ear, nose or throat problem	1	1.4%	1 / 74
...with sputum	1	50%	1 / 2
Pain in mouth	1	100%	1 / 1
Runny nose	1	100%	1 / 1
Swallowing problem	1	100%	1 / 1
Difficult swallow	1	100%	1 / 1
Painful swallow	1	100%	1 / 1
Fatigue or malaise	1	100%	1 / 1
Muscle pain or aching	1	100%	1 / 1
.. duration	0	0%	0 / 45
Any neurological problems	0	0%	0 / 74
Any eye problem	0	0%	0 / 74
...with blood	0	0%	0 / 24
Altered level of consciousness	0	0%	0 / 2
Seizures	0	0%	0 / 1
Pain or redness in the eye	0	0%	0 / 1
Sore throat	0	0%	0 / 1
Muscle cramps	0	0%	0 / 1

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Chronic heart disease	1	0.5%	1 / 182
Chronic lung disease	1	0.5%	1 / 183
Chronic neurologic condition	1	0.5%	1 / 184
Tuberculosis (active)	1	0.5%	1 / 183
Congenital anomaly	0	0%	0 / 178
Chronic liver disease	0	0%	0 / 182
Chronic kidney disease	0	0%	0 / 182
Diabetes	0	0%	0 / 183
Hematological Disorders	0	0%	0 / 182
HIV	0	0%	0 / 182
Cancer	0	0%	0 / 183
Other immunosuppressive condition	0	0%	0 / 184

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
BCG	16	8.6%	16 / 187
Yellow fever	13	7%	13 / 187
IPV	11	5.9%	11 / 187
Hepatitis B vaccine	7	3.7%	7 / 187
Rotavirus	7	3.7%	7 / 187
Mumps and Rubella (MMR)	6	3.2%	6 / 187
Hepatitis A vaccine	4	2.1%	4 / 187

Variable	cases N = 123	controls N = 264	p-value ¹
Antibiotics, n (%)	66 (55%)	2 (0.8%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	3	0
Paracetamol/acetaminophen, n (%)	11 (9.0%)	1 (0.4%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	1	0
Other medications, n (%)	6 (4.9%)	0 (0%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	1	0
Cough Medicine, n (%)	2 (1.6%)	0 (0%)	0.10
Missing/Unknown	1	2
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Variable	cases N = 123	controls N = 264	p-value ¹
Access to a latrine or toilet, n (%)	117 (99%)	222 (93%)	0.011
Missing/Unknown	5	25
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?, n (%)	75 (65%)	50 (25%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	7	65
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%)	3 (30%)	1 (33%)	>0.9
Missing/Unknown	113	261
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals, n (%)	32 (27%)	42 (20%)	0.2
Missing/Unknown	3	56
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset, n (%)	13 (11%)	8 (3.7%)	0.010
Missing/Unknown	2	48
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness, n (%)	13 (11%)	1 (0.5%)	<0.001
Missing/Unknown	7	51
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset, n (%)	10 (8.5%)	3 (1.4%)	0.003
Missing/Unknown	5	52
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?, n (%)	7 (6.0%)	4 (2.1%)	0.11
Missing/Unknown	6	72
Any contact with stray animals, n (%)	8 (6.7%)	1 (0.5%)	0.002
Missing/Unknown	3	51
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?, n (%)	3 (2.6%)	3 (1.5%)	0.7
Missing/Unknown	7	69
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset, n (%)	2 (1.7%)	0 (0%)	0.12
Missing/Unknown	5	49
Only exposures with non-zero prevalence are shown.
¹ Pearson’s Chi-squared test; Fisher’s exact test

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Antibiotics	42	22.5%	42 / 187
Paracetamol/acetaminophen	8	4.3%	8 / 187
Other medications	4	2.1%	4 / 187
Cough Medicine	1	0.5%	1 / 187
Allergy medicine	0	0%	0 / 187
Aspirin	0	0%	0 / 187
Ibuprofen	0	0%	0 / 187
Herbal medicine/naturopathic/homeopathic medicine	0	0%	0 / 187

Variable	Prevalence	Percentage	Frequency
Access to a latrine or toilet	96	51.3%	96 / 187
Does the patient frequently handle or come in contact with soil or sand?	57	30.5%	57 / 187
Do you keep any animals as pets or domestic animals	30	16%	30 / 187
Any new illnesses or infections in household members or other close contacts prior to symptom onset	15	8%	15 / 187
Any contact with wild animals at the time of the illness	12	6.4%	12 / 187
Attendance to in-person school or day care prior to symptom onset	10	5.3%	10 / 187
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside any building where you work or spend other time?	6	3.2%	6 / 187
Any contact with stray animals	5	2.7%	5 / 187
Did the patient or household member start using any new personal care products (e.g. soaps, lotions) prior to symptom onset?	4	2.1%	4 / 187
Any outbreaks reported by school or day care prior to symptom onset	3	30%	3 / 10
Any problem or exposure to different water prior to symptom onset	2	1.1%	2 / 187
Does anyone smoke cigarettes or tobacco inside the building where you sleep (do not include yourself)?	2	1.1%	2 / 187
Any animal bite/scracth prior to symptoms onset	2	1.1%	2 / 187
Any national or overseas trip prior to symptom onset	1	0.5%	1 / 187